The questions addressed in this article concern foundries, designers, and
artistic creation in the Zhou period. First foundry debris and the location of
bronze workshops are briefly reviewed. Their growing size in association with
the early development of a “market” suggests that patrons may have been less
influential in the Warring States period than before, when workshops were
located close to the palace and worked mainly for the court. The chronology
of the Zhou ritual vessels reveals a very slow artistic evolution.The main
factors that may help to explain why significant changes in the development of
bronze ritual art did not occur very often are reviewed. It appears that during
this development, the ritual vessels that were mostly representative of the
owner's status like the ding and gui vessels rarely departed from conventional
models. However these two types of vessels were inscribed more often than
any other types. By contrast, ever since the late Shang period, the vessels
which were most innovative on an artistic level, such as gong 觥 and he 盉
ewers, belonged to the water container category. A hierarchy existed among
the bronzes, therefore, which was expressed either by their number (when they
belonged to series like the ding tripods) and by the presence or absence of
an inscription, or by their décor through the contrast between simplicity and
originality, not to say eccentricity, as in the case of the water ewers. Whereas
the former expressed status or rank, the latter seem to have been more related
to personal choices by the patrons as an expression of wealth. Indeed, this
article shows that some bronze types were more prone than others to stimulate
artistic innovation. The last part of the article tries to identify one particularly
innovative workshop, and to determine specific motifs and decoration
techniques that may reveal the individual imprint of a bronze designer, or more
broadly of a workshop.